Works Consulted
Primary Sources
Abdul-Wali, Aida. Interview by Apasrin Suvanasai. August 25, 2015. Transcript. Immigrant Alexandria: Past, Present and Future. City of Alexandria, Office of Historic Alexandria, Virginia.
Bezu, Zion. Interview by Krystyn Moon. July 23, 2015. Transcript. Immigrant Alexandria: Past, Present and Future. City of Alexandria, Office of Historic Alexandria, Virginia.
Wendemagegn, Afomia. Interview by Krystyn Moon. June 4, 2015. Transcript. Immigrant Alexandria: Past, Present and Future. City of Alexandria, Office of Historic Alexandria, Virginia.
Worku, Rhoda. Interview by Krystyn Moon. May 20, 2015. Transcript. Immigrant Alexandria: Past, Present and Future. City of Alexandria, Office of Historic Alexandria, Virginia.
———. Interview by Krystyn Moon. September 10, 2015. Transcript. Immigrant Alexandria: Past, Present and Future. City of Alexandria, Office of Historic Alexandria, Virginia.
Books
Bernal, Victoria. “Nationalist Networks: The Eritrean Diaspora Online.” In Diasporas in the New Media Age: Identity, Politics, and Community, edited by Andoni Alonso and Pedro J. Oiarzabal, 122-35. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2010.
———. “Diasporas and Cyberspace.” In Diasporas: Concepts, Intersections, Identities, edited by Kim Knott and Seán McLoughlin, 167-71. London: Zed Books, 2010.
Castles, Stephen, Hein de Haas, and Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. 5th ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2009.
Chacko, Elizabeth. “Washington, D.C.: From Biracial City to Multiethnic Gateway.” In Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities, edited by Marie Price and Lisa Benton-Short, 203-25. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2008.
Chacko, Elizabeth, and Ivan Cheung. “The Formation of Contemporary Ethnic Enclaves: Little Ethiopia in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.” In Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America, 2nd ed., edited by John W. Frazier, Eugene L. Tettey-Fio, and Norah F. Henry, 129-41. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006.
Jones-Correa, Michael. “Immigrant Incorporation in Suburbia: Spatial Sorting, Ethnic Mobilization, and Receiving Institutions.” In Immigration and Integration in Urban Communities: Renegotiating the City, edited by Lisa M. Hanley, Blair A. Ruble, and Allison M. Garland, 19-47. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008.
Ungar, Sanford J. Fresh Blood: The New American Immigrants. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Journal Articles
Bernal, Victoria. “Diaspora, Cyberspace and Political Imagination: The Eritrean Diaspora Online.” Global Networks 6, no. 2 (April 2006): 161-79.
Chacko, Elizabeth. “Ethiopian Ethos and the Making of Ethnic Places in the Washington Metropolitan Area.” Journal of Cultural Geography 20, no. 2 (Spring-Summer 2003): 21-42.
———. “Identity and Assimilation among Young Ethiopian Immigrants in Metropolitan Washington.” Geographical Review 93, no. 4 (October 2003): 491-506.
———. “Ethiopian Taxicab Drivers: Forming an Occupational Niche in the US Capital.” African and Black Diaspora: An Internal Journal 9, no. 2 (July 2016): 200-13.
Chacko, Elizabeth, and Peter H. Gebre. “Leveraging the Diaspora for Development: Lessons from Ethiopia.” GeoJournal 78, no. 3 (June 2013): 495-505.
Friedman, Samantha, Audrey Singer, Marie Price, and Ivan Cheung. “Race, Immigrants, and Residence: A New Racial Geography of Washington, D.C.” Geographical Review 95,no. 2 (April 2005): 210-30.
Gordon, April. “The New Diaspora: African Immigration to the United States.” Journal of Third World Studies 15, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 79-103.
Habecker, Shelly. “Not Black, but Habasha: Ethiopian and Eritrean Immigrants in American Society.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35, no. 7 (July 2012): 1200-19.
Hume, Susan E. “Ethnic and National Identities of Africans in the United States.” Geographical Review 98, no. 4 (October 2008): 496-512.
Kent, Mary M. “Immigration and America’s Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62, no. 4 (December 2007): 3-16.
Mohammed, Jemal, et al. “Revisit to Ethiopian Traditional Barley-Based Food.” Journal of Ethnic Foods 3, no. 2 (June 2016): 135-41.
Price, Marie, and Elizabeth Chacko. “The Mixed Embeddedness of Ethnic Entrepreneurs in a New Immigrant Gateway.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 7, no. 3 (July 2009): 328-46.
Shelemay, Kay K. “Ethiopian Musical Invention in Diaspora: A Tale of Three Musicians.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 15, no. 2/3 (Fall-Winter 2006): 303-20.
———. “Performing the Humanities at the Ethiopian Millennium.” Daedalus 138, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 105-09.
Takyi, Baffour K. “The Making of the Second Diaspora: On the Recent African Immigrant Community in the United States of America.” Western Journal of Black Studies 26, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 32-43.
Wilson, Jill H., and Shelly Habecker. “The Lure of the Capital City: An Anthro-Geographical Analysis of Recent African Immigration to Washington, DC.” Population Space & Place 14, no. 5 (September-October 2008): 433-48.
Brookings Institution Research Reports
Singer, Audrey, Samantha Friedmand, Ivan Cheung, and Marie Price. The World in a Zip Code: Greater Washington, D.C. as a New Region of Immigration. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001.
Singer, Audrey, and Jill H. Wilson. From ‘There to ‘Here’: Refugee Resettlement in Metropolitan America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2006.
Theses and Dissertations
Alemu, Leulekal A. “A Study of Socio-Cultural Identity and Adjustment of Ethiopian Immigrants in Atlanta.” Master’s thesis, Clark Atlanta University, 2012.
Getahun, Solomon A. “The History of Ethiopian Immigrants in the United States in the Twentieth Century, 1900-2000.” PhD diss., Michigan State University, 2005.
Lahire, Nathalie. “The Effects of Length of Residence, Language(s) Proficiency, and Acculturation on Ethiopian Immigrants’ Academic Achievement.” PhD diss., George Washington University, 2003.
Kebede, Kassahun H. “Double Engagements: The Transnational Experiences of Ethiopian Immigrants in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area.” PhD diss., Syracuse University, 2012.
Porter, Jesse. “Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in the United States: A Narrative Inquiry of their Assimilation Experience into Mainstream American Society.” PhD diss., University of Texas at Dallas, 2011.
Posey, Zakia L. “Oromo Transnationalism in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area: An Examination of the Development, Challenge, and Prospects of Gaining an Institutional Footing.” PhD diss., Michigan State University, 2014.
