Primary Sources:
- “Yom Kippur.” Alexandria Gazette. September 23, 1863.
- “Alexandria” Evening Star (Washington). May 25, 1872. (accessed November 25, 2015).
- U.S. Census Bureau. 1870 and 1880. Population Census. Virginia Federal Population Schedules – City of Alexandria. https://archive.org/.
Secondary Sources:
- Bauman, Mark K. Dixie Diaspora: An Anthology of Southern Jewish History. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006.
- “Confederate Ties.” Jewish Life in Mr. Lincoln’s City. Accessed November 14, 2015. http://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/exhibits/show/mr-lincolns-city/life-across-the-river/confederate-ties.
- DeBats, Don. Voting Viva Voce: Unlocking the Social Logic of Past Politics. Accessed November 14, 2015. http://sociallogic.iath.virginia.edu.
- “Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities-Alexandria, VA.” Institute of Southern Jewish Life, 2014. Accessed November 14, 2015. http://www.isjl.org.
- Ferris, Marcie Cohen, and Mark I. Greenberg, eds. Jewish Roots in Southern Soil: A New History. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2006.
- “The Gray: Isaac Schwarz.” Jewish Life in Mr. Lincoln’s City. Accessed November 14, 2015. http://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/exhibits/show/mr-lincolns-city/blue-gray/isaac-schwarz.
- Iacobelli, Amanda. “German and German-Jewish Immigrants: Michael German, Lewis Baar, David Bendheim, Max Pretzfelder, J.H Gerhard, and Henry and Isaac Schwarz”http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/historic/info/archaeology/AR500BlockGerman.pdf (2006).
- “Life Across the River.” Jewish Life in Mr. Lincoln’s City, Accessed November 14, 2015. http://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/exhibits/show/mr-lincolns-city/life-across-the-river.
- Leiss, Enid. “History”, Beth El Congregation, Accessed December 1, 2015, https://www.bethelhebrew.org/about/history.
- Raphael, Marc Lee. The Synagogue in America (New York: New York University Press, 2011).
- Urofsky, Melvin I. “Virginian Jews in the Civil War.” Jewish Life in Mt. Lincoln’s City. Accessed November 14, 2015. http://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/exhibits/show/mr-lincolns-city/essays/urofsky
